Which Of The Following Would Cause A Animal Or Plant To Do Mitosis
What is Mitosis?
In 1887, the High german anatomy biologist, Water Fleming, coined the term mitosis which comes from the Greek language and translates to "wrap thread" from mitos and "act or procedure" from the osis part of mitosis. This term was based on the warped thread appearance of the chromatin of the cell nucleus in the beginning stages of mitosis. Now, what is mitosis equally a process? Mitosis is the process in cell division by which the nucleus of the prison cell divides (in a multiple stage), giving rise to two identical daughter cells.
Mitosis happens in all eukaryotic cells (plants, animals, and fungi). Information technology is the process of cell renewal and growth in a plant, animal or fungus. Information technology is continuously occurring throughout our bodies; it is fifty-fifty happening while you are reading this. Cells continuously die; this process is termed apoptosis (programmed cell death). For you to stay alive and fully functional, these cells need to be continuously replaced. Mitosis is crucial to this process. Mitosis is the reason we can grow, heal wounds, and replace damaged cells.
Mitosis is also important in organisms which reproduce asexually: this is the only manner that these cells can reproduce. This is the one key process that sustains populations of asexual organisms. Mitosis allows for some organisms to main alternating life stages (asexual and sexual, such as fungi).
The cardinal to mitosis occurring is the presence of a nucleus. Therefore, organisms without nuclei (prokaryotes) miss out on this impressive process.
Before Mitosis
Before mitosis begins, the chromosomes in the nucleus of the cell undergo replication. This is because mitosis produces two daughter cells identical to the parent jail cell; and so the number of chromosomes in the parent and girl cells must exist the aforementioned. Mitosis produces 2 diploid cells from 1 diploid cell. Thus, chromosome numbers must double earlier mitosis occurs. Go along in heed; diploid refers to the number of chromosomes in a cell: haploid cells take one gear up of chromosomes (n), equally is plant in a gamete (sex cell), whereas diploid cells have 2 sets of chromosomes (2n).
Overview of Mitosis
During mitosis, all chromosomes separate into chromatids (the 2 halves of a chromosome). These chromatids are then separated in space before cell division, to course the chromatic makeup of each daughter cell. Because at that place are double the number of diploid chromosomes in the parent cell (2 10 2n = 4n), when these chromosomes are separated into their chromatids and divide into 2 groups, each grouping will accept the same number of chromatids, and therefore chromosomes, as each other and as the parent jail cell. The composition of these chromosomes will likewise be identical. Once the chromosomes are separated in space, prison cell division occurs to produce two daughter cells. Thus, mitosis uses chromosome replication to produce two identical diploid daughter cells, which are genetically identical to the diploid parent jail cell. This way all your cells have identical Deoxyribonucleic acid composition.
The Phases of Mitosis
The procedure of mitosis can be mind boggling to grasp fully; here we will attempt to work through information technology systematically. Outset off, mitosis can be split into 5 phases: Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Some textbooks vary in the number of phases. In some instances they practise away with prometaphase and just keep the four central phases.
What exactly happens in each phase of mitosis in animals may differ to what happens in plants. Nonetheless, all cells undergoing mitosis volition in i manner or another undergo each of the above mentioned phases.
You will demand to familiarize yourself with the following terms to fully understand the phases of mitosis explained below:
| Jail cell furrow/cleavage furrow |  | The indentation found in the cell membrane of a recently divided beast cell |
| Jail cell plate | The synthesized division of a constitute cell laid across the metaphase plate. This later forms the middle lamella | |
| Centriole |  | An organelle associated with spindle fiber product, located in the centrosome. These are only found in animal cells |
| Centrosome | The role of the cytoplasm which contains the centrioles | |
| Microtubules | Hollow protein tubes which course spindle fibers (amid other things) | |
| Tubulin |  | The poly peptide which makes up microtubules |
| Kinetochore microtubules |  | The microtubules which attach the centrosome to the kinetochore |
| Kinetochore | Plates of poly peptide at a chromosome's centromere, to which spindle fibers attach during mitosis | |
| Centromere |  | The indicate of constriction of a chromosome |
| Cohesin |  | The protein which binds 2 sister chromatids |
| Cytokinesis |  | Partitioning of the cytoplasm into 2 equal parts |
| Equatorial plane/metaphase plate |  | The midline of the cell forth which chromosomes align during metaphase |
| Interphase |  | The period betwixt mitosis occurrences; the period between one telophase and the next prophase |
| Eye lamella |  | The jail cell construction between adjacent found cell walls |
| Nuclear envelope |  | The double membrane which encloses the nucleus |
| Nucleolus | The center of rRNA production within the nucleus | |
| Sis chromatids |  | The two identical chromatids which form a chromosome |
| Spindle fibers | | A bundle of microtubules running from one pole of the cell to another, along which chromosomes move |
Now that the definitions are out of the way let the states become started on the nitty gritty of this procedure.
1. Prophase
This is the longest stage of mitosis. Numerous important events occur in this phase, the centrioles migrate, the spindle fibers are organized, the nuclear envelope disintegrates, the nucleolus also disintegrates, and the chromatin fibers condense (Figure 1).
Prophase in brute cells begins with the migration of ii pairs of centrioles from just exterior the nucleus, in the centrosome, to polar ends of the cell. In one case at polar ends of the cell, the centrioles promote the motion of microtubules from the cytoplasm into the spindle fibers. Plant and fungi cells exercise not take centrioles; therefore, they skip this step.
While this is occurring, the nuclear envelope and nucleolus disintegrate, releasing the chromatin within. The chromatin condenses, and chromosomes become visible. The 2 chromatids making upward each chromosome are identical and are known as sister chromatids. These are held together by cohesin.
Think of this phase this mode, every part of the cell that is involved in mitosis changes to prepare for the full mitotic process. For instance, at the stop of mitosis the daughter cells need equal amounts of identical Dna, so there has to be a fashion of making sure that the right contents go to the right cell. In other words, there has to be an insurance mechanism for making sure that one cell does not finish up with two copies of the one chromosome while the other cell ends upwardly with goose egg copies of this chromosome. This is achieved through the hard work of spindle fibers which pull the contents of the i daughter cell to the 1 side while the other "half" is pulled towards the opposite terminate. This mode, chromosomes never get lost and go to the wrong end. In curt, things migrate to their rightful corners.
The presence of the nuclear envelope limits how far chromosomes, in item, can go. And then before the cell tin consider pulling things apart and duplicating the contents, this barrier need to exist removed somehow. This is why the nuclear envelope disintegrates.
If you follow the logic above it should exist obvious why the other events occur. Read over the explanation presented below of the unabridged process and and then become.
2. Prometaphase
Prometaphase is an intermediary stage between prophase and metaphase, here the cell is further prepared for metaphase (figure two).
The spindle fibers attach to the kinetochore of each chromosome, at opposite sides of the centromere. Each sister chromatid is attached to its spindle fibers. These spindle fibers are comprised of kinetochore microtubules. The chromosomes migrate to the equatorial plane (or metaphase plate), which is perpendicular to the spindle fibers.
Hither the same logic equally above applies; it is all about making sure one chromatid ends up in one cell.
3. Metaphase
Metaphase refers to the alignment of the chromosomes at the equatorial plate following prometaphase.
Each centromere is aligned with the equatorial plate while the chromosome artillery extend towards the poles. Each sister chromatid (still joined at this indicate) is on a different side of the equatorial plate (figure 3).
iv. Anaphase
The Anaphase stage is the shortest phase of mitosis.
During this phase, disjunction occurs, and migration of sister chromatids away from each other to the poles of the cell occurs, leading to the germination of daughter chromosomes.
Molecular motors apply ATP to shorten the spindle fibers attached to each sis chromatid. In and so doing, the chromosomes are separate into two genetically identical sister chromatids, known equally girl chromosomes from this point. This outcome is known as disjunction. As the spindle fibers shorten further, the daughter chromosomes are drawn farther apart until grouped at contrary ends of the cell.
There is now a diploid number of chromosomes at each pole.
five. Telophase
Telophase is the final phase of mitosis. After anaphase, 2 diploid sets of chromosomes are located at each pole of the cell. Cytokinesis then occurs to divide the jail cell into two identical girl cells.
In animal cells, the cytoplasm is constricted to the signal that the cell is divided in ii. This results in a cell furrow. In plant cells, a jail cell plate is laid at the position of the equatorial aeroplane. This later on becomes the middle lamella of the plant cell.
Following this, chromosomes are packed to become chromatin, a nucleolus reforms, and a nuclear envelope forms effectually the chromatin and nucleolus. The spindle fibers disappear, and the cell enters interphase.
Now that we have explored all the different stages become dorsum reread and try to reason each effect. This volition provide you with the ability to answer whatever questions most each and every one of these stages.
Why is Mitosis Important?
Mitosis is important for three principal reasons: development and growth cell replacement and asexual reproduction.
one. Development and growth
Later on meiosis has produced a gamete, and this has fused with another gamete to course an embryo, the embryo grows using mitosis. This growth continues throughout an organism's life, in plants, animals, and fungi. In this way, the original chromosomal set is preserved.
2. Cell replacement
This occurs when the original cell is damaged or wounded. New cells are created to supercede those that were damaged. Examples of this are the healing of a cut or a broken bone. When one-time cells die, new ones supersede them to ensure continuing functionality.
3. Asexual reproduction
Unmarried-celled organisms and certain multicellular organisms use mitosis for asexual reproduction. This includes reproduction by fragmentation, every bit in the case of planaria, and reproduction by budding, as in the case of sea anemones. Many plants reproduce using mitosis.
How is Mitosis Different from Meiosis?
Showtime, nosotros demand to empathise what meiosis is. Meiosis is the replication of cells that results in each girl nucleus containing one-half of the parent cell's chromosomes. Meiosis is used primarily for the production of gametes, which are incorporated in sexual reproduction. Thus, the main difference between mitosis and meiosis is that mitosis produces somatic (body) cells, which can keep to go part of any actual tissue, whereas meiosis only produces germ (sex) cells. Organisms which reproduce asexually cannot undergo meiosis, whereas all eukaryotic organisms undergo mitosis.
Mitosis and meiosis are like in that both tin only occur in eukaryotic cells. This is considering prokaryotic cells do not contain a nucleus within which to begin the processes of mitosis and meiosis. Instead, prokaryotes replicate themselves using binary fission. Both mitosis and meiosis begin with Dna replication in the parent cell to create 4 sets of chromosomes: in mitosis, these sets are split up to form two diploid girl cells, while in meiosis, these sets are split to form four haploid daughter cells. This is because cells undergo just one partitioning in mitosis, whereas they undergo two divisions in meiosis.
The table below summarizes the similarities and differences between mitosis and meiosis.
Mitosis | Meiosis |
Similarities | |
| Can but occur in eukaryotes | |
| Deoxyribonucleic acid replication occurs first | |
| Production of daughter cells based on parent cell's genetic cloth | |
| Means of cell replication in plants, animals, and fungi | |
Differences | |
| Starts as diploid; ends every bit diploid | Starts every bit diploid; ends as haploid |
| Used for growth/healing/asexual reproduction | Used for sexual reproduction |
| 1 nuclear sectionalisation | two nuclear divisions |
| 5 phases | eight phases |
| Girl jail cell identical to parent cell | Daughter prison cell not identical to parent prison cell |
| Results in two daughter cells | Results in four girl cells |
| Produces somatic cells | Produces germ cells |
| Occurs in asexual and sexual organisms | Occurs only in sexual organisms |
Wrapping Up Biology and Mitosis
We at present know that mitosis is the process of asexual cell replication that is responsible for an organism'south development and growth, its cell replacement, and also, in certain organisms, asexual reproduction. Mitosis is, therefore, an integral part of eukaryotic functioning. Mitosis differs from meiosis in that meiosis is the production of gametes, or sex cells, which volition allow for genetic recombination in sexual organisms. Nonetheless, without mitosis, the embryos formed volition never grow to become organisms. Mitosis is preceded by Dna replication, to grade ii diploid sets of chromosomes. Mitosis has 5 phases. The first stage is prophase, where the chromatic material is released from the nucleus, and centromeres migrate to the poles of the cell. Prophase is followed by prometaphase, where the chromosomes drift to align at the equatorial plane of the cell. The third phase is metaphase, where the chromosomes are fully aligned at the equatorial plane. Metaphase is followed by anaphase, wherein the sister chromatids forming each chromosome are pulled apart to assemble at the poles of the cell; and telophase, where cytokinesis forms two identical daughter cells, genetically identical to the parent cell. Following this, the prison cell enters interphase, the phase betwixt mitosis events.
Mitosis has given eukaryotic organisms the ability to regenerate cells equally necessary without reducing the chromosome set while meiosis has allowed the possibility of genetic recombination. Both are vital for the prevalence and continued survival of eukaryotic organisms.
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